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R_fromOldHtml3_2
をテンプレートにして作成
開始行:
個人メモを整理中です．不適切な記述が多々あるかと思います...
までご連絡ください．
[[R_fromOldHtml3]]
#contents
* anova によるモデル比較の意味 2007 08 01 [#ad7d4e6c]
Crawley, Using R for Introductory Statistics,p.307
anova は二つの入れ子になったモデルを比較する．
RSS 残差平方和は，モデルとデータの差をはかった尺度である．
いま，p 個の変数モデルの RSS(p) が k 個の変数モデルの RSS...
k に加えられた新しい変数がさほど重要でないのならば，RSS(k...
( RSS(k) - RSS(k) ) / RSS(p)
F = {( RSS(k) - RSS(k) ) / (p - k )} / { RSS(p)
/ (n - (p + 1))}
= {( RSS(k) - RSS(k) ) / (p - k )} / sigma^2
は自由度 (p - k ), (n - (p + 1) の F 分布に従う．
* 環境設定 Renviron Rprofile 2007 08 02 [#x05a0451]
.Renviron をホームフォルダに置き，例えば
R_LIBS=etc/R
.Rprofile では
grDevices::ps.options(family= "Japan1")
などを書く．
* rgl による 3D グラフィックスの作成例 2007 08 02 [#ee68...
#
life<- source(
"chap4lifeexp.dat")$value
#
attach(life)
#
# 3 因子モデル
life.fa3<- factanal(life, factors = 3, scores = "regres...
life.fa3
# install.packages("rgl")
library(rgl)
rgl.clear()
#rgl.clear(type="lights")
#rgl.clear(type="bbox")
rgl.open()
rgl.bg(color=c("white","black"))
rgl.spheres( life.fa3$scores[,"Factor1"],
life.fa3$scores[,"Factor2"],
life.fa3$scores[,"Factor3"],
radius=0.05, color = 1:
length(life.fa3$scores[,"Factor1"]))
rgl.bbox(color="#112233",
emission="#90ee90",specular="#556677",
shinines=8,alpha=0.8)
rgl.texts( life.fa3$scores[,"Factor1"],
life.fa3$scores[,"Factor2"],
life.fa3$scores[,"Factor3"],
abbreviate(
names(life.fa3$scores[,"Factor1"])),
color = 1: length(
life.fa3$scores[,"Factor1"]))
# , adj = "left" )
rgl.postscript("filename.eps", fmt="eps" )
# eps 形式で保存
rgl.close()
rgl.quit()
* ベクトルに名前を付ける 2007 08 02 [#f56966a2]
> x<- c(1,2,3)
> x
[1] 1 2 3
> names(x)<- c("A","B","C")
> x
A B C
1 2 3
* [] と [,] の違い 2007 08 02 [#cbb7aa96]
> mode(iris[5])
[1] "list"
> mode(iris[,5])
[1] "numeric"
> is.factor(iris[,5])
[1] TRUE
> is.vector(iris[,5])
[1] FALSE
#
> is.data.frame(iris[5])
[1] TRUE
> is.list(iris[5])
[1] TRUE
>
* 一時的にロケールを変更 Sys.setlocale 2007 08 05 [#le4d...
この情報は[[RjoWiki:http://www.okada.jp.org/RWiki/?%BD%E9...
lc<-Sys.getlocale("LC_CTYPE")
Sys.setlocale("LC_CTYPE","C")
df<-read.fwf("hoge.dat",width=c(バイト,バイト,バイト))
Sys.setlocale("LC_CTYPE",lc)
* The R Book のデータアドレス (URL から直接データを読む)...
http://www.bio.ic.ac.uk/research/mjcraw/therbook/
[ishida@amd64 crawley]$ pwd
research/statistics/book/crawley
[ishida@amd64 crawley]$ ls
therbook.zip
この url から直接データを読むには
gain <- read.table(
"http://www.bio.ic.ac.uk/research/mjcraw/therbook/data/G...
header = T)
* data.frame の or 条件抽出 (条件指定がリサイクルされる ...
name.data<- c("Michiko", "Taro", "Masako",
"Jiro","Aiko","Santa")
math.data<- c(50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100)
name.math<- data.frame(students = name.data,
math = math.data)
(gen.data<- rep(c("female", "mdd", "male"), 2))
name.math$gen<- gen.data
is.character(name.math$gen)
# [1] TRUE
levels(name.math$gen)
#NULL
# 次の二つの条件指定はうまくいかない
name.math[name.math$gen == c("female", "male"),]
# students math gen
#1 Michiko 50 female
#6 Santa 100 male
#
name.math[name.math$math == c(50, 60),]
# students math gen
#1 Michiko 50 female
#2 Taro 60 mdd
name.math[name.math$math == c(60,70),]
#[1] students math gen
#<0 rows> (or 0-length row.names)
これは以下の例からも明らかなように
name.math$math == c(50, 60)
# [1] TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
name.math$math == c(60, 70)
# [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
c("female", "male") や c(50,60) を
自動的に行数にあわせて リカーシブに繰り返し
name.math[name.math$gen == c("female", "male",
"female", "male", "female", "male")
name.math$math == c(50, 60, 50, 60, 50, 70)
として全行を一対一で条件判定しているため
* RSiteSearch によるメーリングリスト検索 2007 08 15 [#k...
RSiteSearch("X11 Ubuntu")
* aov の結果で design unbalanced と表示される 2007 08 16...
http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.comp.lang.r.general/23317
Dear Prof Ripley
Thanks for your reply and clarification. However:
1. Regarding model.tables() returning
"Design is unbalanced".
Setting contrasts to Helmert does indeed
make the design balanced, but model.tables() still retu...
"Design is unbalanced":
> options()$contrasts
unordered ordered
"contr.treatment" "contr.poly"
> aov(S~rep+trt1*trt2*trt3, data=dummy.data)
Call:
...
Residual standard error: 14.59899
Estimated effects may be unbalanced
> options(contrasts=c("contr.helmert", "contr.treatment...
> aov(S~rep+trt1*trt2*trt3, data=dummy.data)
Call:
...
Residual standard error: 14.59899
Estimated effects are balanced
> model.tables(aov(S~rep+trt1*trt2*trt3,
data=dummy.data), se=T)
Design is unbalanced - use se.contrasts for se's
Tables of effects
...
However, this is a relatively minor issue,
and covered in ?model.tables which clearly states that ...
implementation is incomplete,
and only the simpler cases have been tested thoroughly."
2. You point out that "In either case you can
predict something
you want to estimate and use
predict(, se=TRUE)."
Doesn't this give the standard error of
the predicted value,
rather than the mean
for, say, trt1 level 0? For example:
> predict(temp.lm, newdata=data.frame(rep='1',
trt1='0', trt2='1', trt3='0'), se=T)
$fit
[1] 32
$se.fit
[1] 10.53591
$df
[1] 23
$residual.scale
[1] 14.59899
Whereas from the analysis of variance table
we can get the standard error of the mean for
trt1 as being
sqrt(anova(temp.lm)[9,3]/12) = 4.214365.
It is the equivalent of this latter value that
I'm after in the
glm() case.
>>> Prof Brian Ripley<ripley<at> 03/08/04 18:10:56 >>>
On Tue, 3 Aug 2004, Peter Alspach wrote:
[Lines wrapped for legibility.]
> I'm having a little difficulty getting the correct
standard errors from
> a glm.object (R 1.9.0 under Windows XP 5.1).
predict() will gives
> standard errors of the predicted values,
but I am wanting the standard
> errors of the mean.
>
> To clarify:
>
> Assume I have a 4x3x2 factorial with 2 complete
replications (i.e. 48
> observations, I've appended a dummy set of data at
the end of this
> message). Call the treatments trt1 (4 levels), trt2
(3 levels) and trt3
> (2 levels) and the replications rep - all are
factors. The observed
> data is S. Then:
>
> temp.aov<- aov(S~rep+trt1*trt2*trt3, data=dummy.data)
> model.tables(temp.aov, type='mean', se=T)
>
> Returns the means, but states "Design is unbalanced -
use se.contrasts
> for se's" which is a little surprising since the
design is balanced.
If you used the default treatment contrasts,
it is not. Try Helmert
contrasts with aov().
> Nevertheless, se.contrast gives what I'd expect:
>
> se.contrast(temp.aov, list(trt1==0, trt1==1),
data=dummy.data)
> [1] 5.960012
>
> i.e. standard error of mean is 5.960012/sqrt(2) =
4.214, which is the
> sqrt(anova(temp.aov)[9,3]/12) as expected.
Similarly for interactions,
> e.g.:
>
> se.contrast(temp.aov, list(trt1==0 & trt2==0,
trt1==1 & trt2==1), data=dummy.data)/sqrt(2)
> [1] 7.299494
>
> How do I get the equivalent of these standard errors
if I have used
> lm(), and by extension glm()? I think I should be
able to get these
> using predict(..., type='terms', se=T) or
coef(summary()) but can't
> quite see how.
In either case you can predict something you want to
estimate and use
predict(, se=TRUE).
* kkmeans の使い方 1 2007 08 18 [#ya340229]
sc<- kkmeans(as.matrix(iris[,-5]), center = 3)
slotNames(sc)
sc@centers
sc@.Data
table(iris$Species, sc@.Data)
kkmeans には predict 関数は用意されていない
* string kernel の作成 その 1 2007 08 18 [#e90e8286]
# string kernel の作成
library(kernlab)
# sample, Lodhi p.423
test.str<- list("science is organized knowledge",
"wisdom is organized life")
str.kern.list<- NULL
for(i in 1:6){
str.dot<- stringdot(length = i, lambda = 0.5,
type = "sequence", normalized = TRUE)
str.kern.list[i]<- list(kernelMatrix(str.dot, test.str))
}
str.kern.list
* tm パッケージの使い方 2007 08 18 [#ead6f07a]
## tm パッケージ
library(tm)
data("acq")
summary(acq)
show(acq)
inspect(acq[1])
# acq<- tmMap(acq, asPlain, convertReut21578XMLPlain)
# summary(acq)
# inspect(acq[1])
# 空白の処理
acq<- tmMap(acq, stripWhitespace)
inspect(acq[1])
# stopWords 処理
acq<- tmMap(acq, removeWords, stopwords("english"))
inspect(acq[1])
# stemming 処理
acq<- tmMap(acq, stemDoc)
inspect(acq[1])
# 小文字への変換
acq<- tmMap(acq, tmTolower)
inspect(acq[1])
# タグ情報に関するクエリーの発行
query<- "identifier == '10'"
tmFilter(acq, query)
# フルサーチ
kekka<- tmFilter(acq, FUN = searchFullText,
"comput", doclevel = TRUE)
inspect(kekka)
* kvsm カーネル サポートベクターの使い方 2007 08 18 [#c4...
## ksvm
tmp<- sample(1:150, 100)
iris.x<- iris[tmp,]
iris.y<- iris[-tmp,]
results<- ksvm(Species ~., data = iris.x)
slotNames(results)
slot(results, "SVindex")
results2<- predict(results, new = iris.y)
table(iris.y$Species, results2)
* specc カーネル サポートベクターの使い方 2007 08 18 [#f...
td<- tempfile()
dir.create(td)
write(c("Human machine interface for ABC computer
applications"),
file=paste(td, "D1", sep="/") )
write(c("A survey of user opinion of computer system
response time"),
file=paste(td, "D2", sep="/") )
write(c("The EPS user interface management system"),
file=paste(td, "D3", sep="/") )
write(c("System and human system engineering testing
of EPS"),
file=paste(td, "D4", sep="/") )
write(c("Relation of user perceived response time" ,
"to error measurement"),
file=paste(td, "D5", sep="/") )
write(c("The intersection graph of paths in trees"),
file=paste(td, "D6", sep="/") )
write(c("Graph minors IV: Widths of trees and
well-quasi-ordering"),
file=paste(td, "D7", sep="/") )
write(c("The generation of random, binary,",
"ordered trees"),
file=paste(td, "D8", sep="/") )
write(c("Graph minors: A survey"),
file=paste(td, "D9", sep="/") )
td.doc <- TextDocCol(DirSource(td), # tm パッケージ
readerControl = list(reader = readPlain,
language = "en_US", load = TRUE))
summary(td.doc)
inspect(td.doc)
str.dot<- stringdot(length = 4, lambda = 0.5,
type = "sequence",
normalized = TRUE) # kernlab パッケージ
test.kern<- kernelMatrix(str.dot, td.doc)
td.doc.specc<- specc(td.doc, centers = 2,
kernel = "stringdot")
* lsa パッケージの利用法 2007 08 18 [#t487cb21]
lc <- Sys.getlocale("LC_CTYPE")# utf-8 以外の環境の場合
Sys.setlocale("LC_CTYPE","C")
library(lsa)
一時ファイルで実験する場合
td<- tempfile()
dir.create(td)
write(c("Human", "machine", "interface", "for", "ABC",
"computer", "applications"),
file = paste(td, "D1", sep="/") )
write(c("A", "survey", "of", "user", "opinion", "of",
"computer", "system", "response", "time"),
file = paste(td, "D2", sep="/") )
write(c("The", "EPS", "user", "interface", "management",
"system"), file=paste(td, "D3", sep="/") )
write(c("System", "and", "human", "system", "engineerin...
"testing", "of", "EPS"),
file = paste(td, "D4", sep="/") )
write(c("Relation", "of", "user", "perceived",
"response", "time" ,"to", "error", "measurement"),
file = paste(td, "D5", sep="/") )
write(c("The", "intersection", "graph", "of",
"paths", "in" ,"trees"),
file = paste(td, "D6", sep="/") )
write(c("Graph", "minors", "IV:", "Widths", "of",
"trees", "and", "well-quasi-ordering"),
file = paste(td, "D7", sep="/") )
write( c("The", "generation", "of", "random,",
"binary,", "ordered", "trees"),
file = paste(td, "D8", sep="/") )
write(c("Graph", "minors:", "A", "survey"),
file = paste(td, "D9", sep="/") )
####################
単純に文章ターム行列を作ってみる
myMatrix<- textmatrix(td)
stopword をロード
data(stopwords_en)
stopword と stemming を指定しての文書・ターム行列作成
myMatrix<- textmatrix(td, stopwords = stopwords_en,
stemming = TRUE)
必要なら重みを付け
# myMatrix = lw_logtf(myMatrix) * gw_idf(myMatrix)
生の検索語の設定
myQuery<- query("user interface", rownames(myMatrix),
stemming = TRUE )
myMat.Que<- cbind(myMatrix, myQuery)
as.matrix(round(cosine(myMat.Que), dig = 2)[,10])
単純な特異値分解
# myLSAraw<- lsa(myMatrix, dims = dimcalc_raw())
# 復元
# round(myLSAraw$tk %*% diag(myLSAraw$sk) %*%
t(myLSAraw$dk), digit = 2)
LSA を実行してみる dimcalc_share(0.4) は許容する特異値の...
myLSAspace<- lsa(myMatrix, dims = dimcalc_share(0.4))
myLSAspace
# もとの文書行列では 0 の要素にも索引重みが計算されている
round(myLSAspace$tk, digits= 2)
もとの文書ベクトルを 3 次元で近似する
new3Doc<- t(myLSAspace$tk) %*% myMatrix
#
plot(new3Doc[1,], new3Doc[2,])
library(rgl)
rgl.open()
rgl.bg(color=c("white", "black"))
rgl.spheres(new3Doc[1,],
new3Doc[2,],
new3Doc[3,],
radius = 0.01,color = 1: ncol(new3Doc))
rgl.bbox(color= "#112233", emission =
"#90ee90",specular = "#556677",
shinines = 8, alpha = 0.8)
rgl.texts(new3Doc[1,],
new3Doc[2,],
new3Doc[3,],
rownames(myLSAspace$dk),
color = 1:ncol(new3Doc), cex = 1.2)
# , adj = "left" )
# rgl.viewpoint
# rgl.snapshot(file = "sla.png", fmt = "png")
rgl.postscript("sla.eps", fmt="eps" )
for (i in seq(2,20,2)) {
rgl.viewpoint(i,20)
filename<- paste("lsa-",formatC(i, digits=2,
flag="0"),".eps",sep="")
rgl.postscript(filename, fmt="eps" )
}
rgl.close()
3 次元に圧縮した文書行列による検索
この結果を使って検索
# query("user interface", rownames(myLSAspace$tk),
stemming = TRUE )
## myQuery2<- query("user interface", rownames(myLSAspa...
stemming = TRUE )
## myMat.Que2<- cbind(myLSAspace$tk, myQuery2)
## cosine(myMat.Que2 ) # USER INTERFACE 列との相関の程...
## nrow( myQuery2 )
## ncol( myQuery2 )
myQuery3<- query("user interface",
rownames(myLSAspace$tk), stemming = TRUE )
new3Query<- t(myLSAspace$tk) %*% myQuery3
myMat.Que3<- cbind(new3Doc, new3Query)
as.matrix(round(cosine(myMat.Que3), dig = 2)[,10])
unlink(td, recursive=TRUE)
Sys.setlocale("LC_CTYPE",lc)
* Rinternals.h を使った処理 2007 08 20 [#c3c46f3c]
結局，http://cran.md.tsukuba.ac.jp/doc/manuals/R-exts.pdf...
[[このサイト:http://noplans.org/~1gac/d/blosxom.py/softwa...
は分かり易い．以下も引用させていただきました．
/*
g++ -O2 `mecab-config --cflags` myfunc.c -o myfunc
`mecab-config --libs`
-I/usr/local/lib64/R/include
*/
#include<R.h>
#include<Rinternals.h>
SEXP myfunc(SEXP param, SEXP vecparam, SEXP aa)
{
SEXP ans;
double a = REAL(param)[0];
int len1 = length(param);
int len2 = length(vecparam);
int p1 = INTEGER(vecparam)[0];
int p2 = INTEGER(vecparam)[1];
char* str = CHAR(STRING_ELT(aa,0));
Rprintf("%s\n",str);
Rprintf("length of 1: %d\n",len1);
Rprintf("length of 2: %d\n",len2);
Rprintf("input param: %lf, %d, %d\n",a,p1,p2);
PROTECT(ans = allocVector(INTSXP, p1*p2));
for (int i = 0; i< p1*p2; i++)
INTEGER(ans)[i] = i;
UNPROTECT(1);
return(ans);
}
[ishida@amd64 myRcode]$ R CMD SHLIB myfunc.c
[ishida@amd64 myRcode]$ R
c プログラムテスト
> dyn.load("myfunc.so")
#
> ret = .Call("myfunc",1.15,as.integer(c(2,3)),
"hogeほげ")
* mecab の処理結果を R で取得する 2007 08 21 [#i291931b]
# C プログラムとして
ishida/research/statistics/myRcode/mecab.c
ファイルを作成
#include<R.h>
#include<Rdefines.h>
#include<Rinternals.h>
#include<mecab.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#define CHECK(eval) if (! eval) { \
fprintf (stderr, "Exception:%s\n", mecab_strerror
(mecab)); \
mecab_destroy(mecab); \
return -1; }
SEXP mecab(SEXP aa){
SEXP parsed;
const char* input = CHAR(STRING_ELT(aa,0));
mecab_t *mecab;
mecab_node_t *node;
const char *result;
int i;
mecab = mecab_new2 (input);
CHECK(mecab);
result = mecab_sparse_tostr(mecab, input);
CHECK(result);
Rprintf ("INPUT: %s\n", input);
Rprintf ("RESULT:\n%s", result);
PROTECT(parsed = allocVector(STRSXP,1));
SET_STRING_ELT(parsed, 0, mkChar(result));
//PROTECT(parsed = mkString(result));
UNPROTECT(1);
mecab_destroy(mecab);
return(parsed);
}
コンパイルは
% R CMD SHLIB chartest.c -L/usr/local/lib/ -lmecab
-I/usr/local/include
# R 側で
dyn.load("research/statistics/myRcode/mecab.so")
kekka<- .Call("mecab","すもももももももものうち")
kekka2<- NULL
kekka2<- unlist(strsplit(kekka, "\n"))
reg<- NULL
kekka3<- NULL
for(i in 1 :length(kekka2)){
reg<- regexpr("^(\\w+)\t(\\w+)", kekka2[i])
kekka3<- c(kekka3, substring(kekka2[i], reg[1],
attributes(reg)[[1]]))
}
kekka3
* fligner.test 多群の等分散性を検定するノンパラメトリック...
[[Crawley The R Book:http://www.amazon.co.jp/R-Book-Micha...
* stringkernel の作成 2007 08 23 [#yd069bf1]
# string kernel の作成
library(kernlab)
# sample, Lodhi p.423
test.str<- list("science is organized
knowledge","wisdom is organized life")
str.kern.list<- NULL
for(i in 1:6){
str.dot<- stringdot(length = i, lambda = 0.5,
type = "sequence", normalized = TRUE)
str.kern.list[i]<- list(kernelMatrix(str.dot,
test.str))
}
## 日本語の方は 6 バイト扱いで計算している
test.str.jp<- list("これと","これは")
str.kern.list.jp<- NULL
for(i in 1:6){
str.dot<- stringdot(length = i, lambda = 0.5, type =
"sequence",
normalized = TRUE)
str.kern.list.jp[i]<- list(kernelMatrix(str.dot,
test.str.jp))
}
test.str<- list("car","cat")
str.kern.list <- NULL
for(i in 1:6){
str.dot<- stringdot(length = i, lambda = 0.5, type =
"sequence", normalized = TRUE)
str.kern.list[i]<- list(kernelMatrix(str.dot,
test.str))
}
* tick.mark 座標ラベルの設定 2007 08 25 [#yaf0a2ee]
[[Crawley The R Book:http://www.amazon.co.jp/R-Book-Micha...
plot(0:10, 0:10, xlab = "", ylab = "", xaxt = "n", yaxt...
* コントラスト再考 2007 08 29 [#k6ca4baa]
[[John Fox:http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/jfox/]] p.127 -- 153
* se in summary.lm 回帰係数の標準誤差 2007 08 28 [#v38c3d...
[[Crawley The R Book:http://www.amazon.co.jp/R-Book-Micha...
* 4 次元配列 2007 08 29 [#m1ac51cd]
mosaicplot(Titanic[c("1st","2nd","3rd"),,"Adult",],
main = "Survival on the Titanic", shade = T)
* 二元配置モデルでの summary.lm のパラメータの意味 2007 0...
John Verzani p.336 の構造モデルから判断すると，すべてベー...
二元配置の分散分析
frogs3<- read.csv(
"http://150.59.18.68/frogs3.csv", header = FALSE)
frogs3 # header = FALSE で，列名はファイルに未設定と指示
なお列名が未定義の場合，自動的に V1, V2, V3 などの名前が...
二つの要因がある場合，それらをチルダ記号の右側に ＋ 記号...
frogs3.aov<- aov(V1 ~ V2 + V3, data = frogs3)
summary(frogs3.aov)
summary.lm(frogs3.aov)
Intercept は V2 = 12H かつ V3 = 100ug の場合．繰り返し数 3
この標準偏差は sqrt(7.51/6)．これは V2 V3 の自由度の積か
2行目の V224H は sqrt(2 *7.51/9)．9 は V2 の繰り返し数か
Intercept は V2 が 12H で V3 が 100 ug の場合
2行目 V224H は V2 が 24H の場合の Intercept(V2=12Hかつ V3...
同じく，p.332 によれば共分散分析では，連続量はスロープを...
regrowth<- read.table(
"http://www.bio.ic.ac.uk/research/mjcraw/
therbook/data/ipomopsis.txt",
header = T)
ancova1<- lm(Fruit ~ Grazing * Root)
summary(ancova1)
anova(ancova1)
* 共分散分析での各パラメータの標準誤差の計算 [#z681a9dc]
[[Crawley The R Book:http://www.amazon.co.jp/R-Book-Micha...
p. 492 - 498
[[Faraway:http://www.amazon.co.jp/Extending-Linear-Model-...
babyfood<- read.table(file =
"http://150.59.18.68/babyfood.txt")
babyfood
# データから要因別に罹患比率を求めて分割表にする．xtabs()...
xtabs(disease/(disease+nondisease) ~ sex + food, babyfo...
# ロジスティック回帰分析を実行する
# 目的変数を 2 項分布とした一般化線形モデル glm() による
model1<- glm(cbind(disease, nondisease) ~
sex + food, family = binomial, data = babyfo...
# glm は一般化線形モデルを実行する関数．family は分布を指...
summary(model1) # 要約を見る
drop1(model1, test = "Chi") # 各項は有意か
exp(-.669) # 母乳の効果を確認する
model.matrix(model1)
# Intercept は Boy で Bottle
# sexGirl は Girl の場合の Intercept との差
# foodBreast は Intercept (Boy Bottle) の場合に比べての差
# foodSuppl は Intercept (Boy Bottle) の場合に比べての差
終了行:
個人メモを整理中です．不適切な記述が多々あるかと思います...
までご連絡ください．
[[R_fromOldHtml3]]
#contents
* anova によるモデル比較の意味 2007 08 01 [#ad7d4e6c]
Crawley, Using R for Introductory Statistics,p.307
anova は二つの入れ子になったモデルを比較する．
RSS 残差平方和は，モデルとデータの差をはかった尺度である．
いま，p 個の変数モデルの RSS(p) が k 個の変数モデルの RSS...
k に加えられた新しい変数がさほど重要でないのならば，RSS(k...
( RSS(k) - RSS(k) ) / RSS(p)
F = {( RSS(k) - RSS(k) ) / (p - k )} / { RSS(p)
/ (n - (p + 1))}
= {( RSS(k) - RSS(k) ) / (p - k )} / sigma^2
は自由度 (p - k ), (n - (p + 1) の F 分布に従う．
* 環境設定 Renviron Rprofile 2007 08 02 [#x05a0451]
.Renviron をホームフォルダに置き，例えば
R_LIBS=etc/R
.Rprofile では
grDevices::ps.options(family= "Japan1")
などを書く．
* rgl による 3D グラフィックスの作成例 2007 08 02 [#ee68...
#
life<- source(
"chap4lifeexp.dat")$value
#
attach(life)
#
# 3 因子モデル
life.fa3<- factanal(life, factors = 3, scores = "regres...
life.fa3
# install.packages("rgl")
library(rgl)
rgl.clear()
#rgl.clear(type="lights")
#rgl.clear(type="bbox")
rgl.open()
rgl.bg(color=c("white","black"))
rgl.spheres( life.fa3$scores[,"Factor1"],
life.fa3$scores[,"Factor2"],
life.fa3$scores[,"Factor3"],
radius=0.05, color = 1:
length(life.fa3$scores[,"Factor1"]))
rgl.bbox(color="#112233",
emission="#90ee90",specular="#556677",
shinines=8,alpha=0.8)
rgl.texts( life.fa3$scores[,"Factor1"],
life.fa3$scores[,"Factor2"],
life.fa3$scores[,"Factor3"],
abbreviate(
names(life.fa3$scores[,"Factor1"])),
color = 1: length(
life.fa3$scores[,"Factor1"]))
# , adj = "left" )
rgl.postscript("filename.eps", fmt="eps" )
# eps 形式で保存
rgl.close()
rgl.quit()
* ベクトルに名前を付ける 2007 08 02 [#f56966a2]
> x<- c(1,2,3)
> x
[1] 1 2 3
> names(x)<- c("A","B","C")
> x
A B C
1 2 3
* [] と [,] の違い 2007 08 02 [#cbb7aa96]
> mode(iris[5])
[1] "list"
> mode(iris[,5])
[1] "numeric"
> is.factor(iris[,5])
[1] TRUE
> is.vector(iris[,5])
[1] FALSE
#
> is.data.frame(iris[5])
[1] TRUE
> is.list(iris[5])
[1] TRUE
>
* 一時的にロケールを変更 Sys.setlocale 2007 08 05 [#le4d...
この情報は[[RjoWiki:http://www.okada.jp.org/RWiki/?%BD%E9...
lc<-Sys.getlocale("LC_CTYPE")
Sys.setlocale("LC_CTYPE","C")
df<-read.fwf("hoge.dat",width=c(バイト,バイト,バイト))
Sys.setlocale("LC_CTYPE",lc)
* The R Book のデータアドレス (URL から直接データを読む)...
http://www.bio.ic.ac.uk/research/mjcraw/therbook/
[ishida@amd64 crawley]$ pwd
research/statistics/book/crawley
[ishida@amd64 crawley]$ ls
therbook.zip
この url から直接データを読むには
gain <- read.table(
"http://www.bio.ic.ac.uk/research/mjcraw/therbook/data/G...
header = T)
* data.frame の or 条件抽出 (条件指定がリサイクルされる ...
name.data<- c("Michiko", "Taro", "Masako",
"Jiro","Aiko","Santa")
math.data<- c(50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100)
name.math<- data.frame(students = name.data,
math = math.data)
(gen.data<- rep(c("female", "mdd", "male"), 2))
name.math$gen<- gen.data
is.character(name.math$gen)
# [1] TRUE
levels(name.math$gen)
#NULL
# 次の二つの条件指定はうまくいかない
name.math[name.math$gen == c("female", "male"),]
# students math gen
#1 Michiko 50 female
#6 Santa 100 male
#
name.math[name.math$math == c(50, 60),]
# students math gen
#1 Michiko 50 female
#2 Taro 60 mdd
name.math[name.math$math == c(60,70),]
#[1] students math gen
#<0 rows> (or 0-length row.names)
これは以下の例からも明らかなように
name.math$math == c(50, 60)
# [1] TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
name.math$math == c(60, 70)
# [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
c("female", "male") や c(50,60) を
自動的に行数にあわせて リカーシブに繰り返し
name.math[name.math$gen == c("female", "male",
"female", "male", "female", "male")
name.math$math == c(50, 60, 50, 60, 50, 70)
として全行を一対一で条件判定しているため
* RSiteSearch によるメーリングリスト検索 2007 08 15 [#k...
RSiteSearch("X11 Ubuntu")
* aov の結果で design unbalanced と表示される 2007 08 16...
http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.comp.lang.r.general/23317
Dear Prof Ripley
Thanks for your reply and clarification. However:
1. Regarding model.tables() returning
"Design is unbalanced".
Setting contrasts to Helmert does indeed
make the design balanced, but model.tables() still retu...
"Design is unbalanced":
> options()$contrasts
unordered ordered
"contr.treatment" "contr.poly"
> aov(S~rep+trt1*trt2*trt3, data=dummy.data)
Call:
...
Residual standard error: 14.59899
Estimated effects may be unbalanced
> options(contrasts=c("contr.helmert", "contr.treatment...
> aov(S~rep+trt1*trt2*trt3, data=dummy.data)
Call:
...
Residual standard error: 14.59899
Estimated effects are balanced
> model.tables(aov(S~rep+trt1*trt2*trt3,
data=dummy.data), se=T)
Design is unbalanced - use se.contrasts for se's
Tables of effects
...
However, this is a relatively minor issue,
and covered in ?model.tables which clearly states that ...
implementation is incomplete,
and only the simpler cases have been tested thoroughly."
2. You point out that "In either case you can
predict something
you want to estimate and use
predict(, se=TRUE)."
Doesn't this give the standard error of
the predicted value,
rather than the mean
for, say, trt1 level 0? For example:
> predict(temp.lm, newdata=data.frame(rep='1',
trt1='0', trt2='1', trt3='0'), se=T)
$fit
[1] 32
$se.fit
[1] 10.53591
$df
[1] 23
$residual.scale
[1] 14.59899
Whereas from the analysis of variance table
we can get the standard error of the mean for
trt1 as being
sqrt(anova(temp.lm)[9,3]/12) = 4.214365.
It is the equivalent of this latter value that
I'm after in the
glm() case.
>>> Prof Brian Ripley<ripley<at> 03/08/04 18:10:56 >>>
On Tue, 3 Aug 2004, Peter Alspach wrote:
[Lines wrapped for legibility.]
> I'm having a little difficulty getting the correct
standard errors from
> a glm.object (R 1.9.0 under Windows XP 5.1).
predict() will gives
> standard errors of the predicted values,
but I am wanting the standard
> errors of the mean.
>
> To clarify:
>
> Assume I have a 4x3x2 factorial with 2 complete
replications (i.e. 48
> observations, I've appended a dummy set of data at
the end of this
> message). Call the treatments trt1 (4 levels), trt2
(3 levels) and trt3
> (2 levels) and the replications rep - all are
factors. The observed
> data is S. Then:
>
> temp.aov<- aov(S~rep+trt1*trt2*trt3, data=dummy.data)
> model.tables(temp.aov, type='mean', se=T)
>
> Returns the means, but states "Design is unbalanced -
use se.contrasts
> for se's" which is a little surprising since the
design is balanced.
If you used the default treatment contrasts,
it is not. Try Helmert
contrasts with aov().
> Nevertheless, se.contrast gives what I'd expect:
>
> se.contrast(temp.aov, list(trt1==0, trt1==1),
data=dummy.data)
> [1] 5.960012
>
> i.e. standard error of mean is 5.960012/sqrt(2) =
4.214, which is the
> sqrt(anova(temp.aov)[9,3]/12) as expected.
Similarly for interactions,
> e.g.:
>
> se.contrast(temp.aov, list(trt1==0 & trt2==0,
trt1==1 & trt2==1), data=dummy.data)/sqrt(2)
> [1] 7.299494
>
> How do I get the equivalent of these standard errors
if I have used
> lm(), and by extension glm()? I think I should be
able to get these
> using predict(..., type='terms', se=T) or
coef(summary()) but can't
> quite see how.
In either case you can predict something you want to
estimate and use
predict(, se=TRUE).
* kkmeans の使い方 1 2007 08 18 [#ya340229]
sc<- kkmeans(as.matrix(iris[,-5]), center = 3)
slotNames(sc)
sc@centers
sc@.Data
table(iris$Species, sc@.Data)
kkmeans には predict 関数は用意されていない
* string kernel の作成 その 1 2007 08 18 [#e90e8286]
# string kernel の作成
library(kernlab)
# sample, Lodhi p.423
test.str<- list("science is organized knowledge",
"wisdom is organized life")
str.kern.list<- NULL
for(i in 1:6){
str.dot<- stringdot(length = i, lambda = 0.5,
type = "sequence", normalized = TRUE)
str.kern.list[i]<- list(kernelMatrix(str.dot, test.str))
}
str.kern.list
* tm パッケージの使い方 2007 08 18 [#ead6f07a]
## tm パッケージ
library(tm)
data("acq")
summary(acq)
show(acq)
inspect(acq[1])
# acq<- tmMap(acq, asPlain, convertReut21578XMLPlain)
# summary(acq)
# inspect(acq[1])
# 空白の処理
acq<- tmMap(acq, stripWhitespace)
inspect(acq[1])
# stopWords 処理
acq<- tmMap(acq, removeWords, stopwords("english"))
inspect(acq[1])
# stemming 処理
acq<- tmMap(acq, stemDoc)
inspect(acq[1])
# 小文字への変換
acq<- tmMap(acq, tmTolower)
inspect(acq[1])
# タグ情報に関するクエリーの発行
query<- "identifier == '10'"
tmFilter(acq, query)
# フルサーチ
kekka<- tmFilter(acq, FUN = searchFullText,
"comput", doclevel = TRUE)
inspect(kekka)
* kvsm カーネル サポートベクターの使い方 2007 08 18 [#c4...
## ksvm
tmp<- sample(1:150, 100)
iris.x<- iris[tmp,]
iris.y<- iris[-tmp,]
results<- ksvm(Species ~., data = iris.x)
slotNames(results)
slot(results, "SVindex")
results2<- predict(results, new = iris.y)
table(iris.y$Species, results2)
* specc カーネル サポートベクターの使い方 2007 08 18 [#f...
td<- tempfile()
dir.create(td)
write(c("Human machine interface for ABC computer
applications"),
file=paste(td, "D1", sep="/") )
write(c("A survey of user opinion of computer system
response time"),
file=paste(td, "D2", sep="/") )
write(c("The EPS user interface management system"),
file=paste(td, "D3", sep="/") )
write(c("System and human system engineering testing
of EPS"),
file=paste(td, "D4", sep="/") )
write(c("Relation of user perceived response time" ,
"to error measurement"),
file=paste(td, "D5", sep="/") )
write(c("The intersection graph of paths in trees"),
file=paste(td, "D6", sep="/") )
write(c("Graph minors IV: Widths of trees and
well-quasi-ordering"),
file=paste(td, "D7", sep="/") )
write(c("The generation of random, binary,",
"ordered trees"),
file=paste(td, "D8", sep="/") )
write(c("Graph minors: A survey"),
file=paste(td, "D9", sep="/") )
td.doc <- TextDocCol(DirSource(td), # tm パッケージ
readerControl = list(reader = readPlain,
language = "en_US", load = TRUE))
summary(td.doc)
inspect(td.doc)
str.dot<- stringdot(length = 4, lambda = 0.5,
type = "sequence",
normalized = TRUE) # kernlab パッケージ
test.kern<- kernelMatrix(str.dot, td.doc)
td.doc.specc<- specc(td.doc, centers = 2,
kernel = "stringdot")
* lsa パッケージの利用法 2007 08 18 [#t487cb21]
lc <- Sys.getlocale("LC_CTYPE")# utf-8 以外の環境の場合
Sys.setlocale("LC_CTYPE","C")
library(lsa)
一時ファイルで実験する場合
td<- tempfile()
dir.create(td)
write(c("Human", "machine", "interface", "for", "ABC",
"computer", "applications"),
file = paste(td, "D1", sep="/") )
write(c("A", "survey", "of", "user", "opinion", "of",
"computer", "system", "response", "time"),
file = paste(td, "D2", sep="/") )
write(c("The", "EPS", "user", "interface", "management",
"system"), file=paste(td, "D3", sep="/") )
write(c("System", "and", "human", "system", "engineerin...
"testing", "of", "EPS"),
file = paste(td, "D4", sep="/") )
write(c("Relation", "of", "user", "perceived",
"response", "time" ,"to", "error", "measurement"),
file = paste(td, "D5", sep="/") )
write(c("The", "intersection", "graph", "of",
"paths", "in" ,"trees"),
file = paste(td, "D6", sep="/") )
write(c("Graph", "minors", "IV:", "Widths", "of",
"trees", "and", "well-quasi-ordering"),
file = paste(td, "D7", sep="/") )
write( c("The", "generation", "of", "random,",
"binary,", "ordered", "trees"),
file = paste(td, "D8", sep="/") )
write(c("Graph", "minors:", "A", "survey"),
file = paste(td, "D9", sep="/") )
####################
単純に文章ターム行列を作ってみる
myMatrix<- textmatrix(td)
stopword をロード
data(stopwords_en)
stopword と stemming を指定しての文書・ターム行列作成
myMatrix<- textmatrix(td, stopwords = stopwords_en,
stemming = TRUE)
必要なら重みを付け
# myMatrix = lw_logtf(myMatrix) * gw_idf(myMatrix)
生の検索語の設定
myQuery<- query("user interface", rownames(myMatrix),
stemming = TRUE )
myMat.Que<- cbind(myMatrix, myQuery)
as.matrix(round(cosine(myMat.Que), dig = 2)[,10])
単純な特異値分解
# myLSAraw<- lsa(myMatrix, dims = dimcalc_raw())
# 復元
# round(myLSAraw$tk %*% diag(myLSAraw$sk) %*%
t(myLSAraw$dk), digit = 2)
LSA を実行してみる dimcalc_share(0.4) は許容する特異値の...
myLSAspace<- lsa(myMatrix, dims = dimcalc_share(0.4))
myLSAspace
# もとの文書行列では 0 の要素にも索引重みが計算されている
round(myLSAspace$tk, digits= 2)
もとの文書ベクトルを 3 次元で近似する
new3Doc<- t(myLSAspace$tk) %*% myMatrix
#
plot(new3Doc[1,], new3Doc[2,])
library(rgl)
rgl.open()
rgl.bg(color=c("white", "black"))
rgl.spheres(new3Doc[1,],
new3Doc[2,],
new3Doc[3,],
radius = 0.01,color = 1: ncol(new3Doc))
rgl.bbox(color= "#112233", emission =
"#90ee90",specular = "#556677",
shinines = 8, alpha = 0.8)
rgl.texts(new3Doc[1,],
new3Doc[2,],
new3Doc[3,],
rownames(myLSAspace$dk),
color = 1:ncol(new3Doc), cex = 1.2)
# , adj = "left" )
# rgl.viewpoint
# rgl.snapshot(file = "sla.png", fmt = "png")
rgl.postscript("sla.eps", fmt="eps" )
for (i in seq(2,20,2)) {
rgl.viewpoint(i,20)
filename<- paste("lsa-",formatC(i, digits=2,
flag="0"),".eps",sep="")
rgl.postscript(filename, fmt="eps" )
}
rgl.close()
3 次元に圧縮した文書行列による検索
この結果を使って検索
# query("user interface", rownames(myLSAspace$tk),
stemming = TRUE )
## myQuery2<- query("user interface", rownames(myLSAspa...
stemming = TRUE )
## myMat.Que2<- cbind(myLSAspace$tk, myQuery2)
## cosine(myMat.Que2 ) # USER INTERFACE 列との相関の程...
## nrow( myQuery2 )
## ncol( myQuery2 )
myQuery3<- query("user interface",
rownames(myLSAspace$tk), stemming = TRUE )
new3Query<- t(myLSAspace$tk) %*% myQuery3
myMat.Que3<- cbind(new3Doc, new3Query)
as.matrix(round(cosine(myMat.Que3), dig = 2)[,10])
unlink(td, recursive=TRUE)
Sys.setlocale("LC_CTYPE",lc)
* Rinternals.h を使った処理 2007 08 20 [#c3c46f3c]
結局，http://cran.md.tsukuba.ac.jp/doc/manuals/R-exts.pdf...
[[このサイト:http://noplans.org/~1gac/d/blosxom.py/softwa...
は分かり易い．以下も引用させていただきました．
/*
g++ -O2 `mecab-config --cflags` myfunc.c -o myfunc
`mecab-config --libs`
-I/usr/local/lib64/R/include
*/
#include<R.h>
#include<Rinternals.h>
SEXP myfunc(SEXP param, SEXP vecparam, SEXP aa)
{
SEXP ans;
double a = REAL(param)[0];
int len1 = length(param);
int len2 = length(vecparam);
int p1 = INTEGER(vecparam)[0];
int p2 = INTEGER(vecparam)[1];
char* str = CHAR(STRING_ELT(aa,0));
Rprintf("%s\n",str);
Rprintf("length of 1: %d\n",len1);
Rprintf("length of 2: %d\n",len2);
Rprintf("input param: %lf, %d, %d\n",a,p1,p2);
PROTECT(ans = allocVector(INTSXP, p1*p2));
for (int i = 0; i< p1*p2; i++)
INTEGER(ans)[i] = i;
UNPROTECT(1);
return(ans);
}
[ishida@amd64 myRcode]$ R CMD SHLIB myfunc.c
[ishida@amd64 myRcode]$ R
c プログラムテスト
> dyn.load("myfunc.so")
#
> ret = .Call("myfunc",1.15,as.integer(c(2,3)),
"hogeほげ")
* mecab の処理結果を R で取得する 2007 08 21 [#i291931b]
# C プログラムとして
ishida/research/statistics/myRcode/mecab.c
ファイルを作成
#include<R.h>
#include<Rdefines.h>
#include<Rinternals.h>
#include<mecab.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#define CHECK(eval) if (! eval) { \
fprintf (stderr, "Exception:%s\n", mecab_strerror
(mecab)); \
mecab_destroy(mecab); \
return -1; }
SEXP mecab(SEXP aa){
SEXP parsed;
const char* input = CHAR(STRING_ELT(aa,0));
mecab_t *mecab;
mecab_node_t *node;
const char *result;
int i;
mecab = mecab_new2 (input);
CHECK(mecab);
result = mecab_sparse_tostr(mecab, input);
CHECK(result);
Rprintf ("INPUT: %s\n", input);
Rprintf ("RESULT:\n%s", result);
PROTECT(parsed = allocVector(STRSXP,1));
SET_STRING_ELT(parsed, 0, mkChar(result));
//PROTECT(parsed = mkString(result));
UNPROTECT(1);
mecab_destroy(mecab);
return(parsed);
}
コンパイルは
% R CMD SHLIB chartest.c -L/usr/local/lib/ -lmecab
-I/usr/local/include
# R 側で
dyn.load("research/statistics/myRcode/mecab.so")
kekka<- .Call("mecab","すもももももももものうち")
kekka2<- NULL
kekka2<- unlist(strsplit(kekka, "\n"))
reg<- NULL
kekka3<- NULL
for(i in 1 :length(kekka2)){
reg<- regexpr("^(\\w+)\t(\\w+)", kekka2[i])
kekka3<- c(kekka3, substring(kekka2[i], reg[1],
attributes(reg)[[1]]))
}
kekka3
* fligner.test 多群の等分散性を検定するノンパラメトリック...
[[Crawley The R Book:http://www.amazon.co.jp/R-Book-Micha...
* stringkernel の作成 2007 08 23 [#yd069bf1]
# string kernel の作成
library(kernlab)
# sample, Lodhi p.423
test.str<- list("science is organized
knowledge","wisdom is organized life")
str.kern.list<- NULL
for(i in 1:6){
str.dot<- stringdot(length = i, lambda = 0.5,
type = "sequence", normalized = TRUE)
str.kern.list[i]<- list(kernelMatrix(str.dot,
test.str))
}
## 日本語の方は 6 バイト扱いで計算している
test.str.jp<- list("これと","これは")
str.kern.list.jp<- NULL
for(i in 1:6){
str.dot<- stringdot(length = i, lambda = 0.5, type =
"sequence",
normalized = TRUE)
str.kern.list.jp[i]<- list(kernelMatrix(str.dot,
test.str.jp))
}
test.str<- list("car","cat")
str.kern.list <- NULL
for(i in 1:6){
str.dot<- stringdot(length = i, lambda = 0.5, type =
"sequence", normalized = TRUE)
str.kern.list[i]<- list(kernelMatrix(str.dot,
test.str))
}
* tick.mark 座標ラベルの設定 2007 08 25 [#yaf0a2ee]
[[Crawley The R Book:http://www.amazon.co.jp/R-Book-Micha...
plot(0:10, 0:10, xlab = "", ylab = "", xaxt = "n", yaxt...
* コントラスト再考 2007 08 29 [#k6ca4baa]
[[John Fox:http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/jfox/]] p.127 -- 153
* se in summary.lm 回帰係数の標準誤差 2007 08 28 [#v38c3d...
[[Crawley The R Book:http://www.amazon.co.jp/R-Book-Micha...
* 4 次元配列 2007 08 29 [#m1ac51cd]
mosaicplot(Titanic[c("1st","2nd","3rd"),,"Adult",],
main = "Survival on the Titanic", shade = T)
* 二元配置モデルでの summary.lm のパラメータの意味 2007 0...
John Verzani p.336 の構造モデルから判断すると，すべてベー...
二元配置の分散分析
frogs3<- read.csv(
"http://150.59.18.68/frogs3.csv", header = FALSE)
frogs3 # header = FALSE で，列名はファイルに未設定と指示
なお列名が未定義の場合，自動的に V1, V2, V3 などの名前が...
二つの要因がある場合，それらをチルダ記号の右側に ＋ 記号...
frogs3.aov<- aov(V1 ~ V2 + V3, data = frogs3)
summary(frogs3.aov)
summary.lm(frogs3.aov)
Intercept は V2 = 12H かつ V3 = 100ug の場合．繰り返し数 3
この標準偏差は sqrt(7.51/6)．これは V2 V3 の自由度の積か
2行目の V224H は sqrt(2 *7.51/9)．9 は V2 の繰り返し数か
Intercept は V2 が 12H で V3 が 100 ug の場合
2行目 V224H は V2 が 24H の場合の Intercept(V2=12Hかつ V3...
同じく，p.332 によれば共分散分析では，連続量はスロープを...
regrowth<- read.table(
"http://www.bio.ic.ac.uk/research/mjcraw/
therbook/data/ipomopsis.txt",
header = T)
ancova1<- lm(Fruit ~ Grazing * Root)
summary(ancova1)
anova(ancova1)
* 共分散分析での各パラメータの標準誤差の計算 [#z681a9dc]
[[Crawley The R Book:http://www.amazon.co.jp/R-Book-Micha...
p. 492 - 498
[[Faraway:http://www.amazon.co.jp/Extending-Linear-Model-...
babyfood<- read.table(file =
"http://150.59.18.68/babyfood.txt")
babyfood
# データから要因別に罹患比率を求めて分割表にする．xtabs()...
xtabs(disease/(disease+nondisease) ~ sex + food, babyfo...
# ロジスティック回帰分析を実行する
# 目的変数を 2 項分布とした一般化線形モデル glm() による
model1<- glm(cbind(disease, nondisease) ~
sex + food, family = binomial, data = babyfo...
# glm は一般化線形モデルを実行する関数．family は分布を指...
summary(model1) # 要約を見る
drop1(model1, test = "Chi") # 各項は有意か
exp(-.669) # 母乳の効果を確認する
model.matrix(model1)
# Intercept は Boy で Bottle
# sexGirl は Girl の場合の Intercept との差
# foodBreast は Intercept (Boy Bottle) の場合に比べての差
# foodSuppl は Intercept (Boy Bottle) の場合に比べての差
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